Nhanganyaya
Kukandira ndiyo yekutanga simbi yekupisa tekinoroji inogadzirwa nevanhu, ine nhoroondo yemakore angangoita 6,000. China yakapinda muzuva remazuva ekukanda bhuronzi pakati pemakore angangoita 1700 BC ne1000 BC, uye humhizha hwayo hwasvika padanho repamusoro. Zvinhu zvekuumbwa zvinogona kuva jecha, simbi kana kunyange ceramic. Zvichienderana nezvinodiwa, nzira dzinoshandiswa dzichasiyana. Ndeapi maitiro ega ega ekukanda maitiro? Ndeupi rudzi rwezvigadzirwa zvakakodzera kwairi?
1. Kukanda jecha
Kukanda zvinhu: zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana
Unhu hwekukanda: makumi emagiramu kusvika makumi ematani, mazana ematani
Kukandira pamusoro pemhando: kushata
Kukanda chimiro: nyore
Mutengo wekugadzira: wakaderera
Kuwanda kwekushandisa: Inonyanya kushandiswa nzira dzekukanda. Kuumbwa kwemaoko kunokodzera zvidimbu zvimwechete, mabheti madiki uye makuru ekukanda ane maumbirwo akaomarara anonetsa kushandisa muchina wekuumba. Machine modelling inokodzera zvepakati uye zvidiki castings inogadzirwa mumabhechi.
Maitiro ekuita: Manual modelling: inochinjika uye iri nyore, asi ine yakaderera kugadzirwa kwehunyanzvi, yakanyanya kuwanda kwekushanda, uye yakaderera dimensional kurongeka uye pamusoro pemhando. Machine modelling: yakakwirira dimensional kurongeka uye pamusoro pemhando, asi yakakwirira mari.
Tsanangudzo pfupi: Kukanda jecha ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa kukanda maitiro muindasitiri yekuvamba nhasi. Inokodzera zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Ferrous alloys uye non-ferrous alloys anogona kukandwa nejecha molds. Inogona kuburitsa castings kubva pamakumi emagiramu kusvika makumi ematani uye yakakura. Izvo zvakashata zvekukanda jecha ndezvekuti zvinongokwanisa kuburitsa ma castings ane zvimiro zviri nyore. Mukana mukuru wekukanda jecha ndewe: mutengo wakaderera wekugadzira. Nekudaro, maererano nekupedzisa kwepamusoro, kukanda metallography, uye density yemukati, yakadzikira. Panyaya yekuenzanisira, inogona kunge yakagadzirwa nemaoko kana kuti yakagadzirwa nemichina. Kuumbwa kwemaoko kunokodzera zvidimbu zvimwechete, mabheti madiki uye makuru ekukanda ane maumbirwo akaomarara anonetsa kushandisa muchina wekuumba. Modeling yemuchina inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kurongeka kwepasi uye kurongeka kwedimensional, asi mari yacho yakakura.
2.Investment casting
Kukanda zvinhu: simbi yakakandwa uye isiri-ferrous alloy
Kukanda mhando: akati wandei magiramu kune akati wandei makirogiramu
Kukandira pamusoro pemhando: yakanaka kwazvo
Kukanda chimiro: chero kuoma
Mutengo wekugadzira: Kana misa yagadzirwa, yakachipa pane kugadzirwa kwemuchina.
Chiyero chekushandisa: Akasiyana mabhechi ediki uye akaoma kunzwisisa akakandwa esimbi yakakandwa uye yakakwirira melting point alloys, kunyanya akakodzera kukanda mabasa emifananidzo uye nemakanika ezvikamu.
Maitiro maitiro: dimensional kurongeka, yakatsetseka pamusoro, asi yakaderera kugadzirwa kwakanaka.
Tsanangudzo pfupi: Maitiro ekuisa mari akatanga kare. Munyika yedu, nzira yekudyara mari yakashandiswa mukugadzira zvishongo zvevanokudzwa panguva yeChirimo uye Autumn Period. Investment castings kazhinji yakaoma uye haina kukodzera kukanda hombe. Nzira yacho yakaoma uye yakaoma kudzora, uye zvinhu zvinoshandiswa uye zvinoshandiswa zvinodhura. Naizvozvo, inokodzera kugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvidiki zvine maumbirwo akaomarara, yakakwirira chaiyo zvinodiwa, kana yakaoma kuita kumwe kugadzirisa, senge turbine injini blades.
3. Kurasika furo
Kukanda zvinhu: zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana
Kukanda misa: akati wandei magiramu kune akati wandei matani
Kukandira pamusoro pemhando: yakanaka
Kukanda chimiro: zvakanyanya kuoma
Mutengo wekugadzira: wakaderera
Chiyero chekushandisa: zvakanyanya kuomarara uye akasiyana alloy castings mumabhechi akasiyana.
Maitiro maitiro: Iyo dimensional yechokwadi yekukanda yakakwira, rusununguko rwekugadzira rwekukanda rwakakura, uye maitiro ari nyore, asi kupisa kwepateni kune mamwe maitiro ezvakatipoteredza.
Tsanangudzo pfupi: Kukandwa kwefuro kwakarasika kubatanidza nekubatanidza parafini kana furo modhi dzakafanana muhukuru uye maumbirwo kune zvinokandwa kuita masumbu emhando. Mushure mekukwesha nependi refractory uye kuomeswa, vanovigwa mujecha requartz rakaoma uye rinozunguzwa kuti riite, uye rinodururwa pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakashata kuita sumbu remuenzaniso. Nzira itsva yekukanda iyo modhi inonyungudika, iyo simbi yemvura inogara pachinzvimbo cheiyo modhi, uye inoomesa nekutonhodza kuita kukanda. Kurasika furo kukanda inzira nyowani isina muganhu uye kuumbwa chaiko. Iyi nzira haidi kutora mold, hapana nzvimbo yekuparadzanisa, uye hapana jecha core. Naizvozvo, iyo yekukanda haina flash, burrs, uye dhizaini materu, uye inoderedza huwandu hwekuremara kwepakati. Dimensional kukanganisa kunokonzerwa nemusanganiswa.
Idzi dziri pamusoro pegumi neimwe nzira dzekukanda dzine maitiro akasiyana. Mukugadzira kugadzirwa, nzira dzinoenderana dzekukanda dzinofanirwa kusarudzwa kune dzakasiyana castings. Muchokwadi, zvakaoma kutaura kuti yakaoma-kukura-kurasa maitiro ane mabhenefiti akakwana. Mukugadzira, munhu wese anosarudzawo maitiro anoshanda uye maitiro ekuita nemutengo wakaderera kuita.
4. Centrifugal casting
Kukandira zvinhu: grey cast iron, ductile iron
Kukanda mhando: makumi emakirogiramu kune akati wandei matani
Kukandira pamusoro pemhando: yakanaka
Kukanda chimiro: kazhinji cylindrical castings
Mutengo wekugadzira: wakaderera
Chiyero chekushandisa: madiki kusvika makuru mabheti ekutangisa kwemuviri unotenderera uye pombi fittings yemadhayamita akasiyana.
Maitiro ekuita: Castings ane yakakwira dimensional kurongeka, yakatsetseka pamusoro, dense chimiro, uye yakakwirira kugadzirwa.
Tsanangudzo muchidimbu: Centrifugal casting (centrifugal casting) zvinoreva nzira yekukandira umo simbi yemvura inodirwa muforoma inotenderera, izere nekuoma kuita yekukanda pasi pekuita kwe centrifugal force. Muchina unoshandiswa centrifugal casting unonzi centrifugal casting muchina.
[Sumo] Yekutanga patent yecentrifugal casting yakatsanangurwa neBritish Erchardt muna 1809. Yakanga isiri kusvika kutanga kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri apo nzira iyi yakagamuchirwa zvishoma nezvishoma mukugadzirwa. Mumakore ekuma1930, nyika yedu yakatangawo kushandisa centrifugal tubes uye cylinder castings zvakadai semapipe esimbi, maoko emhangura, cylinder liners, bimetallic steel-backed copper sleeves, etc. Centrifugal casting inenge nzira huru; uyezve, musimbi isingadziviriri simbi rollers, mamwe akakosha esimbi asina musono chubhu mabheji, mapepa muchina wekuomesa madhiramu nedzimwe nzvimbo dzekugadzira, iyo centrifugal casting nzira inoshandiswawo zvinobudirira. Parizvino, michina yekukanda yakanyatsogadzirwa uye yakagadziridzwa yecentrifugal yakagadzirwa, uye dhizaini-yakagadzirwa yakawanda centrifugal pombi yekukanda musangano yakavakwa.
5. Low pressure casting
Kukandira zvinhu: non-ferrous alloy
Unhu hwekukanda: makumi emagiramu kusvika makumi emakirogiramu
Kukandira pamusoro pemhando: yakanaka
Casting chimiro: yakaoma (jecha core iripo)
Mutengo wekugadzira: Mari yekugadzira yemhando yesimbi yakakwira
Chiyero chekushandisa: mabhechi madiki, zviri nani mabheti makuru eakakura uye epakati-saizi asina-ferrous alloy castings, uye anogona kuburitsa akatetepa-akakomberedzwa nemadziro.
Maitiro ekuita: Chimiro chekukanda chakakora, goho rekuita rakakwira, midziyo iri nyore, uye akasiyana ekukanda mold anogona kushandiswa, asi kugadzirwa kwacho kwakadzikira.
Tsanangudzo pfupi: Kukanda kwepasi-kukanda inzira yekukanda umo simbi yemvura inozadza mold uye inoomesa kuita yekukanda pasi pechiito chepasi-kudzvanywa gasi. Low-pressure casting pakutanga yainyanya kushandiswa kugadzira aluminium alloy castings, uye gare gare kushandiswa kwayo kwakawedzera kuwedzerwa kuti ibudise mhangura castings, iron castings uye simbi yekukanda ine yakakwirira kunyungudika.
6. Kukanda kudzvinyirira
Kukanda zvinhu: aluminium alloy, magnesium alloy
Kukanda mhando: akati wandei magiramu kusvika makumi emakirogiramu
Kukandira pamusoro pemhando: yakanaka
Casting chimiro: yakaoma (jecha core iripo)
Mari yekugadzira: Michina yekukandira uye mold zvinodhura kugadzira
Kuwanda kwekushandisa: Kugadzirwa kweMisa kweakasiyana madiki uye epakati-saizi asina-ferrous alloy castings, matete-walled castings, uye kudzvanywa-resistant castings.
Maitiro ekuita: Kukandwa kune yakakwira dimensional kurongeka, yakatsetseka pamusoro, dhizaini chimiro, kugadzirwa kwepamusoro, uye mutengo wakaderera, asi mutengo wemichina inofa-yekukanda uye mold wakakwira.
Tsanangudzo pfupi: Kukandira kudzvanya kune maviri makuru hunhu: yakanyanya kudzvanywa uye kukurumidza kuzadza kwemafa ekukanda mold. Yayo inowanzo shandiswa jekiseni yakananga kudzvinyirirwa kunobva kune akati wandei kusvika kumakumi ezviuru zve kPa, kana kunyange yakakwira se2 × 105kPa. Iyo yekumhanyisa yekuzadza ingangoita 10 ~ 50m/s, uye dzimwe nguva inogona kutosvika kupfuura 100m/s. Nguva yekuzadza ipfupi kwazvo, kazhinji muhuwandu hwe0.01 ~ 0.2s. Zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzira dzekukandira, kufa kukanda kune zvinotevera zvitatu zvakanakira: yakanaka chigadzirwa mhando, yakakwirira dimensional kurongeka kwekukandwa, kazhinji yakaenzana nenhanho 6 kusvika 7, kana kunyange kusvika padanho 4; kupedzisa kwakanaka kwepamusoro, kazhinji kuenzana nenhanho 5 kusvika 8; simba Iine kuoma kwepamusoro, uye simba rayo rinowanzoita 25% kusvika 30% yakakwirira kudarika yejecha, asi kureba kwayo kunoderedzwa ne70%; ine zviyero zvakagadzikana uye zvakanaka kuchinjana; inogona kufa-yakandwa yakatetepa-yakavezwa uye yakaoma castings. Semuyenzaniso, ikozvino shoma rusvingo ukobvu ye zinc alloy die-casting zvikamu zvinogona kusvika 0.3mm; iyo shoma madziro ukobvu hwealuminium alloy castings inogona kusvika 0.5mm; iyo shoma yekukanda gomba dhayamita ndeye 0.7mm; uye shinda shoma inokwira i0.75mm.
Nguva yekutumira: May-18-2024
